The state of democracy in Europe is looking volatile, with lurches to the Left and Right going on all over the place and that are increasingly hard to predict.

EU elections in June saw some shift away from the previous progressive momentum back to more conservative power centres – but not as much as was expected.

At national levels, both Holland and Germany have seen parties on the Right become increasingly popular. Though an expected win for the National Rally in France got stymied by an alliance of factions on the Left coming together at the last moment. While the General Election in the UK – which though technically "out" of Europe post-BREXIT remains "of" Europe – saw one of the most disjointed and split reactions from the electorate in contemporary times.