Today is the feast of Saint Augustine Zhao Rong and his companions, otherwise known as the Chinese Martyrs. They are what is called a representative group of 120 Chinese martyrs who were canonized by Saint John Paul II in 2000. They did not all live at the same time. Their 'leader', Saint Augustine Zhao Rong, was martyred in 1815, but the greatest number of the 120 were martyred in 1900 during the Boxer Rebellion. Wikipedia provides a full list of the martyrs here. At the same time we should not forget the other Christians who also suffered in similar persecutions. The numbers of those killed in the Rebellion will probably never be known, but it runs into many thousands. The list of canonised Chinese martyrs ends in 1930, but that of course is by no means the end of the story. With the rise of the Communist party in China, persecution of Christians took on a whole new impetus. One of the first actions of Chairman Mao was to expel all foreign missionaries; this is something that the Chinese authorities have kept up since then, for there was a recent batch of expulsions only last year. As for the number of Christians of all confessions who perished in the Cultural Revolution, that cannot be known either. Again it must run into the thousands. While the excesses of the Cultural Revolution, which may have led to the premature deaths of several million Chinese, ceased with the death of Chairman Mao, and the subsequent arrest of his wife, this did not mean a let up in state disapproval of religion. Far from it. Moreover, even with China's economic modernization, now surging ahead more than ever, religious intolerance has increased of late. Ironically, it is this shift to economic liberalism coupled with political repression that has led to the growth of Christianity in China. According to the Council on Foreign Relations: