In spite of a succession of reforms in the modern era, including the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic Church has never abolished the papal nobility: those aristocratic titles formerly occupied by the likes of the Borgias, the Medici, the Orsini, the Pamphili and the Borghese.
St Paul VI was the last pontiff to address the question of the nobility when in 1968 he reformed the papal court with his letter Pontificalis Domus, retaining the nobility as part of the Papal Household, and therefore also the right of pontiffs to confer titles such as prince, duke, count or countess on whomever they chose. One such member of the papal nobility was Rose Kennedy, mother of US President John F Kennedy. She was conferred the title of Countess of the Holy Roman Church.
