The Reformation of the 16th century embraced Scotland with even greater ferocity than it did England, although somewhat later in time. James V preserved the Church as it was until his death in 1542. The English “Rough Wooing” thereafter, inter alia, imported Lutheran literature and ideas into the country. Cardinal David Beaton, Archbishop of St Andrews, was murdered in 1546. James V had one daughter, Mary, who was married in 1549 to Francis II of France; her mother Mary of Guise was regent on her behalf. Protestantism in Scotland spread through the 1550s and in 1560, when Mary Queen of Scots returned to the country, the Scottish Parliament imposed reform on the Scottish Church and instituted the Calvinist Kirk under the guidance of John Knox. In 1567, Mary was forced to abdicate in favour of her son James VI, who was brought up as a Protestant.